The DareDevil Dr.ABC

Although not alive, Dr. ABC has saved lives all around the globe with its own simple nature. Some of the readers may have guessed by now that Dr. ABC is no real person. In fact Dr.ABC is the simple name given to the CPR technique. The CPR stands for Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation. The process, as shown in its name, is a revival technique to be used if any person injured or affected by some dangerous contact (electric shocks, burning or drowning etc) is not breathing or his/her heart is not beating. 
D        R         A        B         C    
Danger       Response     Airway         Breathing    Circulation  


The above given abbreviation of Dr. ABC is the whole procedure of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation applied by rescue workers, doctors and even trained civilians in a life-threatening emergency to save the life of a dying person. The rescuer should, however bear in mind that calling for help is the utmost priority even before Dr. ABC. 
The procedure is explained in detail below.


DR. ABC


D Danger
Before treating any casualty, the rescuer must ensure his/her own safety. Safety first is a rule which applies to all situations. The rescuer must make sure that the factor which affected the casualty may not affect or disable him/her. For example, in case of an electric shock victim, touching the victim would result in the electricity passing on to the rescuer, causing a shock. The resuer first of all must assess the scenario. If any wire is in contact with the casualty, the rescuer must remove the wire ONLY AFTER TURNING OFF THE SWITH connected to it.
To give CPR and for the following steps, the casualty's body must be lying straight on an even, hard surface. The rescuer should take great care to shift the casualty as being rough can be very harmful if there is any spinal injury.




R Response

The rescuer then should check for any kind of response from the casualty. Sitting down on the RIGHT SIDE of the casualty, the rescuer should call out the casualty's name, try to get his/her attention vocally. If that does not work, the rescuer should shake the shoulders of the casualty lightly. If even that extracts no response, the rescuer should resort to the final step and try to cause some pain to the casualty. The safest effective way to do this is to pinch hard on the shoulder.
Note : The shaking and pinching should be applied only upon the shoulders because they are the sturdiest part of the body. All this process should be quick and take the least possible time without hurting the casualty. If the casualty shows some response, immediately shift his/her body into the recovery position (explained below) IF there is no disability like fractures, broken bones or heavy bleeding.
If there is no response, resort to the next step.




A Airway
The most threatening situation which may arise in an unconscious state is the inability to breathe. The rescuer must, therefore, clear the airway of the casualty. Pushing the forehead backwards and downwards, support the chin and push it upwards (as shown in picture). This will straighten the airway of the casualty.

Another problem which may arise is that the casualty's tongue may have rolled back and would be blocking the airway. After straightening the airway, the rescuer should gently open the casualty's mouth and peer inside. If the tongue has rolled back, or any foreign substance is present in the mouth of the casualty, the rescuer should use a sweeping motion of his/her finger to straighten the tongue or remove the foreign object.






B Breathing   and   C Circulation
After clearing the airway, the rescuer should check to see whether the casualty is breathing and has a heartbeat or not. This done by using the three sense method called LLF. LLF stands for Look Listen Feel. The rescuer should lean over the casualty and turn his/her head to the right so that the rescuer's gaze lies on the casualty's chest and left ear near the 
casualty's nose and mouth. The left hand should be placed lightly on the casualty's head and the right hand should be upon the casualty's neck (on the point shown in the picture) to check the pulse. 
If the pulse and breathing both are present, then the patient should shifted into the recovery position. 

The recovery position involves taking care of a few things, which include ensuring that any fluids may not go into the windpipe, and the circulation remains steady.

The rescuer should, with a firm grip of one hand on the shoulders and one hand upon the pelvis of the casualty, PULL him/her over to lie on the left side. The left leg should be straightened and the right leg place in the folded resting position shown in the picture. The right arm should be placed, palm down, either under the casualty's head or beside it. The left arm should be straightened out horizontally to the body.
The recovery position should be applied if the breathing and pulse both are present. If any one of these is absent, the rescuer should immediately resort to CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation).


The CPR is an emergency technique which involves artificial respiration to reactivate the lungs and/or chest compressions to reactivate the heart.
The ratio to apply CPR is 2:30, which means 3o chest compressions after every two mouth blows. Following are the steps of performing CPR.


Sit on the casualty's right side on your toes, with your knees on the ground.

If breathing is missing and pulse is present :


1. Hold the casualty's nose in a pinched grip to prevent any air from leaving that way.


2. Take in a quick deep breath, put your mouth onto the casualty's and give a hard blow, enough for you to see a rise of at least 1.5 cm at the chest. 


3. Pause for a moment and lift your head to take another quick deep breath and then give another hard blow into the casualty's mouth.


4. Continue giving rescue blows every five seconds until help arrives or breathing resumes. 


5. Use LLF after every minute to check if the breathing has resumed. If breathing does resume, shift the patient into the recovery position and wait for help.




If the pulse and breathing both are missing :
1. Give two rescue blows followed by 30 chest compressions to complete a cycle.  

2. On the lower left side of the sternum bone, give 30 quick compressions with arms held straight, half your weight on your arms, and the full palm exerting force upon the mentioned point, which is the location of the human heart. To apply the compressions, the master hand should be above the other hand, with fingers locked together. The full palm of the other hand should apply the force exerted by the master hand and the body. The force of the compressions should be such that the chest should move downwards at least one and a half inch.


6. Continue repeating the  full CPR in quick succession to complete the ratio 2:30 (two mouth blows and thirty chest compressions). The whole procedure should be so quick that it should take about 3-4 minutes.


7. After completing one cycle of the 2:30 ratio CPR, use LLF for at least 10 seconds to detect any change in the patient's condition.


8. Continue this cycle until help arrives or the patient gives any signs of movement or revival, like chest rise and fall or the pulse. If the patient gives any signs of revival, immediately shift him/her to the recovery position and wait for help.